Allusion
:reference to another work that the author assumes the audience is familiar with
Anaphora
:repetition of initial words(of phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs)-> ex.”Those that know, do.
Those that understand, teach.” Aristotle
Anecdote
:, a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event, a short account
Aphorism/maxim
:saying (short, clever, memorable)-meant to teach an idea
Appeals (ethos,pathos,logos)
ethos-ethical;appealing to themselves, trustworthy, credible, believablepathos-appeal to the audience through pathos; how we appeal emotional, passions, emotions, sympathy,empathylogos-appeal to the argument itself, logical
Argument
:collected series of statements to establish a preposition (truth,belief); series of facts, logical
Colloquialism
:informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writingex. y’all (Grapes of Wrath)
Connotation vs. Denotation
Denotation-literal definitionConnotation-feeling; what is implied
Context
:writings preceding and following the passage quoted; circumstance in which an event occurs, discourse surrounding the language
Controlling Image/Controlling Methaphor
:analogy->extended metaphor; carried through the work; introduce analogy and keep coming back to it
Epigraph
:a quotation or motto placed at the beginning of a book, chapter, or poem, as an indication of its theme
Figurative Language
speech or writing that departs from literal meaning in order to achieve a special effect or meaning, speech or writing employing figures of speech (metaphor, simile etc.)
Hyperbole
:overstatement, an exaggeration, to express strong emotion or stress a point
Irony (three kinds)
:subtly humorous perception of inconsistency1. Verbal-sarcasm2.
Dramatic-reader has perception, character doesn’t3. Situational-situation reader didn’t expect
Litotes
understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary)-double negative
Metaphor
:indirect comparison, -a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity
Metonymy
:replaces the name of something with something closely related to itex.-> (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].”)
Oxymoron
:two words that contrast; placed side by side (ex. Jumbo shrimp)
Parallelism
:use of repeated grammatical structures*provides rhythm to the writing*sense of balance
Paraphrase
:rewording for the purpose of clarification; restate in other words
Peroration
:speech; last line of a speech that sums up the rhetorical purpose
Persona
:communicator, role, voice, speaker, sender
Personification
:anything non-human compared to a human/given human qualities
Persuasion
:act of seeking to change someone’s point of view(includes going beyond reason and logic; includes emotion)
Rhetoric
:the deliberate manipulation of eloquence for the most persuasive effect in public speaking or writing (the way writers on purpose,control, or shape, beautiful language to persuade a reader)
Rhetorical Question
:asked only for rhetorical effect, not meant to get an answer
Rhetorical Triangle
Created by Aristotle1. Subject-topic,content,subject matter2.
Persona- sender, role, voice, speaker, communicator3. Audience- receiver of the communication, reader(The triangle shows that components of a rhetorical situation are interdependent on each other; connected)*Rhetorical Purpose is in the middle of the the triangle*
Satire (Horation and Juvenalian)
:kind of writing, NOT a technique -a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions or societies to ridicule and scorn {for humorous effect}1. Horation Satire: humorous effect2. Juvenalian Satire: exposing failings, look down on them, serious effect
Simile
:direct comparison-a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with ‘like’ or ‘as’)
SOAPS (rhetorical situation)
S-speakerO-occasion (history, content, circumstance)A-audienceP-purposeS-subject SOAPS-*depicts what we are prompted by
Support/Evidence/Data
:material offered in evidence of an argument
Synecdoche
:”part of the whole”ex. all hands on deck
Tone
:emotions being conveyed through the language
Trope (all kinds; on handout)
Tropes: any artful variation from the typical way a word o idea is expressed; works with connotations and figurative language Categories of Tropes1. Trope Comparison:-Simile-Metaphor-Personification-Synecdoche-Metonymy2. Tropes of Word Play-Pun: play on words-Onomatopoeia: use of words that imitate the sound they refer to3. Tropes of Overstatement or Understatement-Hyperbole/overstatement-exaggeration-Litotes/understatement-usually used with double negative (ex.
“It is not uncommon…”)4. Tropes of Meaning-Irony-Oxymoron-Rhetorical Question
Unreliable Narrator
: when the narrator is not entirely credible(ex.
no real background, no formal education,young,crazy etc.)