AP Language Rhetorical/Literary Terms

:reference to another work that the author assumes the audience is familiar with

:repetition of initial words
(of phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs)
-> ex.”Those that know, do. Those that understand, teach.” Aristotle

:, a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event, a short account

:saying (short, clever, memorable)
-meant to teach an idea

ethos-ethical;appealing to themselves, trustworthy, credible, believable
pathos-appeal to the audience through pathos; how we appeal emotional, passions, emotions, sympathy,empathy
logos-appeal to the argument itself, logical

:collected series of statements to establish a preposition (truth,belief); series of facts, logical

:informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing
ex. y’all (Grapes of Wrath)

Denotation-literal definition
Connotation-feeling; what is implied

:writings preceding and following the passage quoted; circumstance in which an event occurs, discourse surrounding the language

:analogy->extended metaphor; carried through the work; introduce analogy and keep coming back to it

:a quotation or motto placed at the beginning of a book, chapter, or poem, as an indication of its theme

speech or writing that departs from literal meaning in order to achieve a special effect or meaning, speech or writing employing figures of speech (metaphor, simile etc.)

:overstatement, an exaggeration, to express strong emotion or stress a point

:subtly humorous perception of inconsistency
1. Verbal-sarcasm
2. Dramatic-reader has perception, character doesn’t
3. Situational-situation reader didn’t expect

understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary)
-double negative

:indirect comparison,
-a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

:replaces the name of something with something closely related to it
ex.-> (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].”)

:two words that contrast; placed side by side
(ex. Jumbo shrimp)

:use of repeated grammatical structures
*provides rhythm to the writing
*sense of balance

:rewording for the purpose of clarification; restate in other words

:speech; last line of a speech that sums up the rhetorical purpose

:communicator, role, voice, speaker, sender

:anything non-human compared to a human/given human qualities

:act of seeking to change someone’s point of view
(includes going beyond reason and logic; includes emotion)

:the deliberate manipulation of eloquence for the most persuasive effect in public speaking or writing
(the way writers on purpose,control, or shape, beautiful language to persuade a reader)

:asked only for rhetorical effect, not meant to get an answer

Created by Aristotle
1. Subject-topic,content,subject matter
2. Persona- sender, role, voice, speaker, communicator
3. Audience- receiver of the communication, reader
(The triangle shows that components of a rhetorical situation are interdependent on each other; connected)
*Rhetorical Purpose is in the middle of the the triangle*

:kind of writing, NOT a technique
-a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions or societies to ridicule and scorn {for humorous effect}
1. Horation Satire: humorous effect
2. Juvenalian Satire: exposing failings, look down on them, serious effect

:direct comparison
-a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with ‘like’ or ‘as’)

S-speaker
O-occasion (history, content, circumstance)
A-audience
P-purpose
S-subject
SOAPS-*depicts what we are prompted by

:material offered in evidence of an argument

:”part of the whole”
ex. all hands on deck

:emotions being conveyed through the language

Tropes: any artful variation from the typical way a word o idea is expressed; works with connotations and figurative language
Categories of Tropes
1. Trope Comparison:
-Simile
-Metaphor
-Personification
-Synecdoche
-Metonymy
2. Tropes of Word Play
-Pun: play on words
-Onomatopoeia: use of words that imitate the sound they refer to
3. Tropes of Overstatement or Understatement
-Hyperbole/overstatement-exaggeration
-Litotes/understatement-usually used with double negative (ex.”It is not uncommon…”)
4. Tropes of Meaning
-Irony
-Oxymoron
-Rhetorical Question

: when the narrator is not entirely credible
(ex. no real background, no formal education,young,crazy etc.)