AP Language Rhetorical/Literary Terms

:reference to another work that the author assumes the audience is familiar with

:repetition of initial words(of phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs)-> ex.”Those that know, do.

Those that understand, teach.” Aristotle

:, a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event, a short account

:saying (short, clever, memorable)-meant to teach an idea

ethos-ethical;appealing to themselves, trustworthy, credible, believablepathos-appeal to the audience through pathos; how we appeal emotional, passions, emotions, sympathy,empathylogos-appeal to the argument itself, logical

:collected series of statements to establish a preposition (truth,belief); series of facts, logical

:informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writingex. y’all (Grapes of Wrath)

Denotation-literal definitionConnotation-feeling; what is implied

:writings preceding and following the passage quoted; circumstance in which an event occurs, discourse surrounding the language

:analogy->extended metaphor; carried through the work; introduce analogy and keep coming back to it

:a quotation or motto placed at the beginning of a book, chapter, or poem, as an indication of its theme

speech or writing that departs from literal meaning in order to achieve a special effect or meaning, speech or writing employing figures of speech (metaphor, simile etc.)

:overstatement, an exaggeration, to express strong emotion or stress a point

:subtly humorous perception of inconsistency1. Verbal-sarcasm2.

Dramatic-reader has perception, character doesn’t3. Situational-situation reader didn’t expect

understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary)-double negative

:indirect comparison, -a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

:replaces the name of something with something closely related to itex.-> (“The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].”)

:two words that contrast; placed side by side (ex. Jumbo shrimp)

:use of repeated grammatical structures*provides rhythm to the writing*sense of balance

:rewording for the purpose of clarification; restate in other words

:speech; last line of a speech that sums up the rhetorical purpose

:communicator, role, voice, speaker, sender

:anything non-human compared to a human/given human qualities

:act of seeking to change someone’s point of view(includes going beyond reason and logic; includes emotion)

:the deliberate manipulation of eloquence for the most persuasive effect in public speaking or writing (the way writers on purpose,control, or shape, beautiful language to persuade a reader)

:asked only for rhetorical effect, not meant to get an answer

Created by Aristotle1. Subject-topic,content,subject matter2.

Persona- sender, role, voice, speaker, communicator3. Audience- receiver of the communication, reader(The triangle shows that components of a rhetorical situation are interdependent on each other; connected)*Rhetorical Purpose is in the middle of the the triangle*

:kind of writing, NOT a technique -a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions or societies to ridicule and scorn {for humorous effect}1. Horation Satire: humorous effect2. Juvenalian Satire: exposing failings, look down on them, serious effect

:direct comparison-a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with ‘like’ or ‘as’)

S-speakerO-occasion (history, content, circumstance)A-audienceP-purposeS-subject SOAPS-*depicts what we are prompted by

:material offered in evidence of an argument

:”part of the whole”ex. all hands on deck

:emotions being conveyed through the language

Tropes: any artful variation from the typical way a word o idea is expressed; works with connotations and figurative language Categories of Tropes1. Trope Comparison:-Simile-Metaphor-Personification-Synecdoche-Metonymy2. Tropes of Word Play-Pun: play on words-Onomatopoeia: use of words that imitate the sound they refer to3. Tropes of Overstatement or Understatement-Hyperbole/overstatement-exaggeration-Litotes/understatement-usually used with double negative (ex.

“It is not uncommon…”)4. Tropes of Meaning-Irony-Oxymoron-Rhetorical Question

: when the narrator is not entirely credible(ex.

no real background, no formal education,young,crazy etc.)