| By far, the major source of CO2 from Brazil |
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| Toxic metal expected in outflows from tanneries |
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| Element that is reduced in sediments and is associated with methylation of mercury (helps drive the process). |
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| Correlations between human disturbance, species diversity, & susceptibility to exotic spp. Invasions (from Brazil lecture) |
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| Streams more affected by humans more susceptible to invasions. Highest species richness in leas disturbed streams. |
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| Critical habitat to protect in order to protect stream biota |
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| Impacts of industry on Rio de Janeiro coastal water quality |
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| decrease in dissolved oxygen, increased algae, incresed heavy metals |
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| A herbicide formerly used on marijuana, used in Brazil and used in the US for defoliating soybeans (and cotton |
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| Crop that is consuming the highest quantities of water in Brazilian agriculture |
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| Sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to paraquat |
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| lethal to insects, prawn, snails, zooplankton |
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| Major causes of population decline in condors, including life history & human impacts. |
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| DDT, collecting, Animal trade, collisions with power lines, lead poisoning, shooting. Slow population growth. |
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| How the condor populations are being assisted |
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| captive breeding and release |
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| Primary source of lead that has impaired recovery of condors. |
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| lead shot/ bullet fragment ingestion |
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| How the individual birds are assessed; body fluid that is tested for lead in live birds (and mammals). |
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| Evidence that lead shot was the source of the problem in condors. |
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| isotope ratios, found shot in birds |
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| Principal clinical signs of lead toxicosis in condors. |
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| weight loss, weakness, reduction in movement, uncoordination, nervous system, kidney, and circulatory system impacts |
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| General detoxification method for condors if their lead body burden is high |
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| How the birds are managed in captivity to reduce interactions with people and human changes in environment after release |
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| puppet rearing, parent rearing, isolation, aversion therapy |
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| Approximate number of California condors in the wild today |
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| Long term solutions to the problem lead toxicosis in condors |
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| get rid of lead shot, acquire more hunting-free zones |
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| Why specialized species including polar bears are particularly at risk from climate change |
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| narrow nitch. Cascade effect of warming in arctic |
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| How being at the top of a food chain results in an animal having to deal with the summation of effects on other trophic orders (polar bear talk) |
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| Why climate change increases the period of fasting in female polar bears |
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| Pregnant females fast for longer. Can’t den on fast ice if it’s melting |
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| How climate change alters the food web so that polar bears may have less to eat. |
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| Decreased sea ice – water interface
Preferred environment of algae
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Algae main food of Atlantic Cod
Atlantic Cod Prey for many species
Seals prey on cod
Seals are main prey of polar bears |
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| How climate change alters the access to prey that are there when the bears are hunting on the ice |
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| Seals have more air holes |
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| Reason why GPS tracking does not always work |
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| Substrate in the way of satellite reception |
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| Why studies of the Hudson Bay coastal polar bears may be a good predictor of future conditions |
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| Trends in body condition & body fat over time in polar bears |
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Bears were returning to land in poorer condition
Factor in survival – lose between 0.7 and 0.85 kg/day when fasting, fat loss is 93% of mass change
Related to ringed seal numbers
change in fish populations and change in bear hunting environment |
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| The major causes of deer overpopulation in the US. |
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Restricted seasons & game laws
– Introductions
– Tree planting/forested landscaping
– Decline in predators
– Moderate climates (Global warming |
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| How global warming influences deer population size. |
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– Moderate climates
– Mild winters
Increase deer body mass
& winter survival population
growth |
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| How overpopulated deer aggravate global CO2 burdens |
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| Some major diseases associated with high deer populations. |
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Tick-borne zoonoses
– Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis
Bovine tuberculosis
– Mycobacterium bovis
Chronic Wasting Disease (“Mad Cow”)
– Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
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| How woody plants evolve to rely on toxins more earlier in life than later in life |
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| once too big to be browsed, makes sense to produce fewer toxins |
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| How browsers may favor and then later degrade plant diversity |
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| forage on dominant species, those get reduced, browse resistant species do better, then become dominant |
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| How overpopulated deer may increase silt & nutrients in water |
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| reduced ground cover-> increased erosion |
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| How over-browsing favors conifers & reduced soil nitrogen. |
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| Reduced leaf litter favors conifers |
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| Duration of relatively low deer abundance needed for recovery of the plant community |
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| Current “control” methods to reduce deer impacts on the environment |
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| hunting, sharp shooting, fencing, repellents, sensors, birth control |
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| How gill raker spacing influences ecological impacts & nutrients free in the water |
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| Influences ability to filter small algae |
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| Origin of Asian carp before they became an exotic pest species in the US |
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| Eastern Asia. Brought in for management of aquaculture water quality |
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| Four major exotic species with major adverse impacts in the Great Lakes. |
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| Sea Lamprey, Zebra Mussels, Round Goby, Eurasian Ruffe |
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| Meaning of oligotrophic & mesotrophic, which lakes have which condition, & why this influences whether an exotic carp will become established in sufficient numbers to become a pest species. |
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| nutrient availability impacts phytoplankton which in turn impacts fish survivability |
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| Meaning of stoichiometry in terms of energy budgets |
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| Balance of what goes in and what goes out and what is used for growth and reproduction. Equations need to account for all energy and all matter. |
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| Why feces were removed from the aquaria in this study. |
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| Current assumption as to the efficiency of bighead carp in filtering small algae |
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| not particularly efficient |
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| How long ago the Great Lakes were covered by glaciers |
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| Two Great Lakes with the longest and two with the shortest water retention times; & how this may affect exposures of aquatic biota to persistent contaminants |
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