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| How much of an abiotic factor an organism can withstand |
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Factor that is holding back a population aquatic limiting factor
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ex. O2, light, temperature
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| Cross-section view of soil |
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Top soil (clay, silt, sand)
Dark Soil: rich in nutrients
Poor Soil: yellow, red, unhealthy
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| equal parts of sand, silt, and clay |
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| Dissolving and carrying nutrients (or pollutants) through soil into lower layers |
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| Subsoil, mostly broken down rock |
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| material broken down, bedrock |
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| Relative amount of sand, silt, and clay |
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| The ability of water to go through soil |
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| high porosity, low permability |
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| high permability, low porosity |
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Uniform loss water crosses a flat field
Water erosion
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Fast flowing water
Water erosion
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channel becomes wider and deepers
Water erosion
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| Conservation Tillage (no till farming) |
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| Disturb the soil as little as possible |
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| Making flat growing areas on hillsides |
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| Planting crops perpindicular to the hill slope |
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Planting alternating rows of crops
-legumes
-carrots
-legumes
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| planting crops between rows of trees |
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| Fast growing native grasses slows erosion |
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| Trees planted around open land |
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| Inorganic (synthetic) fertilizers |
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requires large amounts of energy for production. Releases nitrous oxide (N2O)
-no humus
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| the odor is a problem. slow release of nutrients |
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| allows nutrients to return to soil |
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| study of interaction between organisms and their living/non-living environment |
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Nonliving
ex. temperature, sun
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| Rock layer, upper mantle and crust |
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| Large regions characterized by a distinct climate and adapted vegetation |
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| A blending of biomes bear their boundaries |
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| Biotic/abiotic components of a particular place |
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| all interacting organisms living in an area |
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| Includes members of the same species |
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1.8 million; estimated 5-100 million species exist.
mostly bacteria and insect
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Autotrophs
Make their own food thrugh photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
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Heterotrophs
can’t make their own food, have to consume other organisms
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| Eat producers. Primary consumers |
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Secondary consumers
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feed on primary consumers (herbivores)
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| eat both producers and consumers |
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| Shark eats a fish that ate a fish that ate kelp |
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| Feed on parts of dead animals |
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| Feed on dead organisms they did not kill, but found dead |
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| bacteria and fungi that break down dead tissues |
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single path of feeding relationships
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grass-;mouse-;hawk-;hawk dies
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inter related;food chains
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arrow goes to person getting energy
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Evaporates waer, generates wind, supports plant growth
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42%- heats earth and atmospheres
;1% photosynthesis
1% wind
34% Reflected from clouds
23%
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| CO2 and water are converted into glucose and oxygen; |
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break down carbohydrates to obtain the energy;
requires the presence of O2
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Fermentation
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get energy by breaking down glucose in absence of O2
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Organic matter. Can br produced by producers (synthesis)
-dry weight
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| GPP (Gross primary production) |
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| Rate that producers convert solar energy into chemical energy |
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| NPP (Net primary production) |
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GPP-R
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Energy output of an area of producers over a given time
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R= Respiration
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3 Most Productive
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3 Least Productive
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Most: Swamps/Marshlands, tropical rainforest, estuaries
Least: Tundra, desert scrub, extreme desert, open ocean
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H:;Habitat destruction ; degredation
I:;Invasive species
P:;Polluation
P: Human population growth
O: Over exploitation
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| Trophic Levels- Feeding Levels |
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1st: Trophic Level- Plants
2nd: Trophic Level- Primary consumers
3rd: Trophic Level- Secondary consumers
4th: Trophic Level- Tertiary consumers
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| Solar energy, gravity, cycling of matter |
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| What are the main causes of soil erosion? |
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Mainly water and wind.
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Human: construction, off roading, tilling, mining, etc
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| Lost about 15% of land for agriculture due to soil erosion |
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Turning productive (fertile) soil into less productive soil
-overgrazing
-desforestation
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| Fields must be repeatedly flushed with fresh water to remove salt build up |
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Plants are over saturated
reducing yield
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SO2 ( volcanos)
Burning coal
Comes out of decaying material
Reacts in atmosphere to create hydrogen sulfate (H2SO4), sulfuric acid (acid rain)
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Human Effects: refining sulfur containing petrol
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Very slow
Limiting factor for plant growth
Mine phosphate out of rock and add it to fertilizers and detergents
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Human Effects
We add excess phosphates from runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers
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Anoxic: no O2
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Nutrients cause an algal bloom ;– lots of algae
Too much algae grows on the surface; it blocks out lights, plants die
Then algae start to die and start to decompose
Bacteria that do decomposition require O2
O2 runs out, dish die, the plants are dead
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Nitrogen in air (N2)
N2 fixation by bacteria to ammonia
Nitrification by bacteria to nitrate (NO2-)
Then to Nitrate (NO3-)
Denitrification of nitrate (NO3-) by bacteria
back into Nitrogen Gas (N2) Atmosphere
Effects of Humans
Adding Nitrous Oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere can warm the atmosphere
contaminate groun water from nitrate ions in inorganic fertilizers
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| Contains N2 ficing bacteria in their roots that can provide nitrates for the plants |
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Atmosphere (CO2)
Photosynthesis/respiration
Limestone (CaCO3)
Effects from humans
Burning fossil fuels
clearing vegetation
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| Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle) |
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Evaporation/transpiration-> plant sweating
Condensation
Precipitation
Infiltration-> enters soil
Percolation -> H2O moves through soil
Effects of Human
Withdrawing large amounts of fresh water
Polluting surfance and underground water
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