| How was the current atmosphere created? |
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| H2O Photolysis and Photosynthesis |
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| Carbon is exchanged between biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. |
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Warm water current that flows periodically southwards along coast of Ecuador and Peru.
Replaces usually cold northwards-flowing current.
Occurs every 5-7 years, around Xmas.
Opposite = El Nina |
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78% Nitrogen
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21% Oxygen
1% CO2 and other gases
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| Pre-oxygenation: Why was evolution more or less confined to oceans? |
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Absence of ozone layer.
Water offered protection against UV radiation.
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| Portion of incident solar energy that is reflected by a surface. (Globally – 30% is reflected) |
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| Air moves away from a center of high pressure as it descends. Brings fair weather |
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| Air moves towards low-pressure at center of the system and spirals upwards. Brings clouds and precipitation |
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| Layer of cool air occurs beneath a layer of warmer air |
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| Band of air in which temperature rises with altitude |
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| Stratosphere vs. Troposphere (Atmospheric Temperature) |
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S : Temperature increases with altitude
T: Temperature decreases with altitude
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Solar radiation (light) can break down chemical bonds.
Example: Atmospheric ozone (O3) breaking down to O2 is a result of photodissociation.
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| Controls on deep ocean circulation (vertical mixing) |
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- Temperature and Salinity (density)
- Coriolis Force
- Position of continents
- Upwelling zones
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Reduce and eventually eliminate production of CFCs: accelerate development of alternative chemicals
(Production and emissions controlled)
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Very small solid particles suspended in the atmosphere.
Common examples: sulfates, nitrates, mineral dust, soot, black carbon, etc.
Originate mostly from combustion
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| When is Ozone essential for life on land? |
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Phytoplankton (biotic source) in oceans produce sulfate gases, which are converted to sulfate aerosols.
Increased albedo.
Negative Feedback Loop: aids in stabilizing atmospheric temperature
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1. Large number of gas vehicles
2. Heat and sunlight
3. Limited air mass movement
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