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| released directly from the source |
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| modified to a hazardous form after entering the air and mixing with other environmental components |
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| do not go through smoekstackdust from human activities |
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| irritates respiratory system, reduces lung function, aggravates asthma formed by reaction of NOx and hydrocarbons one of main reasons we regulate N and hydrocarbon emissions |
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| * conventional pollutant*natural sources of sulfur in atmosphere include evaporation from sea spray, volcanic fumes, and organic compoundspredominant form of anthropogenic sulfur is sulfur-dioxide from fuossil-fuel combustion |
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| *conventional pollutant* nitrogen oxides are reacive gases formed when nitrogen is heated above 650 degrees C in the presence of oxygen or when nitrogen compounds are oxidized |
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| combustion in car engine – why you have a catalytic converter |
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| *conventional pollutants*CO2Carbon monoxide – colorless, ordorless, toxic gas produced by incomplete fuel combustion |
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| Volatile Organic Compounds |
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| *conventional pollutant*organic chemicalsoxidized to CO and CO2plants are largest source |
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| *convenional pollutant*products of secondary atmospheric reactions drven by solar energy ozone formed by splitting nitrogen dioxide |
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| *conventionl pollutants*many toxic metals occur as trace elements i fuelmurcerynickelberylliumcadmiumarsenichalogens – flourine, chlorie, bromineCFCs |
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| first national air pollution control |
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| rewrote originalidentified critical pollutantsestablished ambient air quality standards:1. primary standards: human health2. secondary standards: materials, environment, aesthetic and comfort |
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| discharge pollution from pecific locationsfactories, power plants |
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| scattered or diffuse, having no specific location of dischargeagricultural fields, feedlots |
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| containants carriedby air currents and precipitated into watersheds or directly onto surface waters |
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| bodies of water that have clear water and low biological productivity |
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| bodies of water tat are rich in organisms and organic material |
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| process of increasing nutrient levels and biological productivity |
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| 1972established a National Pollution Discharge System which requires a permit for any entity duming wastes in surface watersSuccesses: clean up of point source pollutionProblems: difficult to deal with non-point sources and MTBE |
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| cheapest and most effective way to reduce water pollution is to avoid producing it or releasing it into the environment |
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| water from core boils to make steam, directly driving turbine generatorshighly radioactive water and steam leave containment structure |
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| Canadian deuterium reactors |
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| opearate with natural, un-concentrated uranium |
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| graphite moderator reactor |
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| operate wit a solid moderator instad of a liquid |
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| high temperature, gas cooled reactors |
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| uranium encased in tiny ceramic-coated pellets |
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| process-inherent ultimate safety reactors |
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| reactor core submerged in large pool of boron containing water within a massive pressure vessel |
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| create fissionable plutonium and thorium isotopes from stable forms of uranium uses plutonium reclaimed from spent fuel from conventional fission reactors as starting material |
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| Distributional Surcharges |
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| small fee levied on all utility customers |
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| suppliers must get minimum percenage of power from renewable sources |
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| allows utilites t profit from conservation pograms and charge premium prices for renewable energy |
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| Colorado Renewable Energy Portfolio |
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| 20043% of electricityfrom renewabl sources by 200710% by 2015establish net mastering systems for home solar installations 4% of electricity from solar |
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| large concentrations of wind generaors producing commercial electricity neg impacts: interrupt view, destroy sense of isolation, bird kills |
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| using absorptive structures with no moving parts to gether and hold heat* greenhouse dsign |
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| generally pump heat-absorbing mediu through a collector, rather than passivey collecting heat in a stationary object |
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| photovotaic cells capture enegy and convert it directly to electrical current by separating electrons from parent atoms and accelerating them across a one-way electrostatic barrier |
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| use ongoing electrochemical reactions to produce electric current run on pure oxygen and hydrogen prduce no waste products except drinkable water and radiant heat |
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| great to use for energy and low/no polutionhard to use b/c takes energy to get H2 from water and hard to store, dangerous |
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| prduced from vegtable oilsCO and hydrocarbon emissions are 20-40 lower than conventional dieselCO2 emissions generally much lower as well |
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