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| released directly from the source |
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| modified to a hazardous form after entering the air and mixing with other environmental components |
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dust from human activities
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irritates respiratory system, reduces lung function, aggravates asthma
formed by reaction of NOx and hydrocarbons
one of main reasons we regulate N and hydrocarbon emissions
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* conventional pollutant*
natural sources of sulfur in atmosphere include evaporation from sea spray, volcanic fumes, and organic compounds
predominant form of anthropogenic sulfur is sulfur-dioxide from fuossil-fuel combustion
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*conventional pollutant*
nitrogen oxides are reacive gases formed when nitrogen is heated above 650 degrees C in the presence of oxygen or when nitrogen compounds are oxidized
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| combustion in car engine – why you have a catalytic converter |
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*conventional pollutants*
CO2
Carbon monoxide – colorless, ordorless, toxic gas produced by incomplete fuel combustion
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| Volatile Organic Compounds |
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*conventional pollutant*
organic chemicals
oxidized to CO and CO2
plants are largest source
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*convenional pollutant*products of secondary atmospheric reactions drven by solar energy
ozone formed by splitting nitrogen dioxide
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*conventionl pollutants*
many toxic metals occur as trace elements i fuel
murcery
nickel
beryllium
cadmium
arsenic
halogens – flourine, chlorie, bromine
CFCs
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| first national air pollution control |
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rewrote original
identified critical pollutants
established ambient air quality standards:
1. primary standards: human health
2. secondary standards: materials, environment, aesthetic and comfort
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discharge pollution from pecific locations
factories, power plants
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scattered or diffuse, having no specific location of discharge
agricultural fields, feedlots
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| containants carriedby air currents and precipitated into watersheds or directly onto surface waters |
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| bodies of water that have clear water and low biological productivity |
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| bodies of water tat are rich in organisms and organic material |
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| process of increasing nutrient levels and biological productivity |
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1972
established a National Pollution Discharge System which requires a permit for any entity duming wastes in surface waters
Successes: clean up of point source pollution
Problems: difficult to deal with non-point sources and MTBE
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| cheapest and most effective way to reduce water pollution is to avoid producing it or releasing it into the environment |
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water from core boils to make steam, directly driving turbine generators
highly radioactive water and steam leave containment structure
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| Canadian deuterium reactors |
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| opearate with natural, un-concentrated uranium |
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| graphite moderator reactor |
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| operate wit a solid moderator instad of a liquid |
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| high temperature, gas cooled reactors |
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| uranium encased in tiny ceramic-coated pellets |
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| process-inherent ultimate safety reactors |
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| reactor core submerged in large pool of boron containing water within a massive pressure vessel |
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create fissionable plutonium and thorium isotopes from stable forms of uranium
uses plutonium reclaimed from spent fuel from conventional fission reactors as starting material
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| Distributional Surcharges |
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| small fee levied on all utility customers |
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| suppliers must get minimum percenage of power from renewable sources |
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| allows utilites t profit from conservation pograms and charge premium prices for renewable energy |
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| Colorado Renewable Energy Portfolio |
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2004
3% of electricityfrom renewabl sources by 2007
10% by 2015
establish net mastering systems for home solar installations 4% of electricity from solar
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large concentrations of wind generaors producing commercial electricity
neg impacts: interrupt view, destroy sense of isolation, bird kills
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using absorptive structures with no moving parts to gether and hold heat
* greenhouse dsign
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| generally pump heat-absorbing mediu through a collector, rather than passivey collecting heat in a stationary object |
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| photovotaic cells capture enegy and convert it directly to electrical current by separating electrons from parent atoms and accelerating them across a one-way electrostatic barrier |
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use ongoing electrochemical reactions to produce electric current
run on pure oxygen and hydrogen prduce no waste products except drinkable water and radiant heat
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great to use for energy and low/no polution
hard to use b/c takes energy to get H2 from water and hard to store, dangerous
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prduced from vegtable oils
CO and hydrocarbon emissions are 20-40 lower than conventional diesel
CO2 emissions generally much lower as well
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