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| Top 3 Producing countries of Peach |
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| Top 3 Producing states of peach |
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| California, South Carolina, Georgia |
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| general characteristics of peach |
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-Blooms early low heat req.
-many cultivars, varying chill req.
-flower buds very cold hardy |
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site factors that contribute to PTSL
(Peach Tree Short Life) |
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-low soil pH
-Low nutrient levels
-hardpans
-high ring nematode population
-poor weed control |
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| where was the peach first cultivated from |
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| Where did grapes originate? |
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-Northeastern Turkey
-Iran
-Georgia
-Armenia |
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| How does a muscadinia grape ripen? |
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| ripens by individual berries |
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| How do Euvitis grapes ripen |
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| (bunch grapes) ripen by cluster |
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| training system for grapes |
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-Pruned
-Previous season growth
-bears the fruit |
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| Root insect responsible for decimating European grape industry. |
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| Grapes major diseases and pests |
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-Phylloxera
-Pierce’s disease
-Leafroll Virus
-Botrytis rot
-Powdery, Downy Mildew |
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| What is Pierce’s disease caused by? |
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| Top world producers of strawberries |
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-United States
-Spain
-South Korea |
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| Top 3 states that produce strawberries |
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| Where do strawberries originate? |
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Strawberry Festival
Treasure |
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| cultivars of strawberries |
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| training system for strawberries |
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| major diseases of strawberries |
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-Botrytis
-Angular leaf spot
-Anthracnose |
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| major pest of strawberries |
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-spider mites
-thrips
-sting nematodes |
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| Training system for peaches |
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-Sudden spring collapse of trees that seemed healthy
-Bark may have water soaked appearance
-browning of cambium extending to but not below the soil line
-surving root system produces suckers |
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-Carbohydrate partitioning theory
-Hormone Theory |
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| Elevated auxin levels can cause peach trees to enter dormancy too late in the fall or emerge from dormancy too early in the spring. |
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| Factors that lead to elevated auxin lvls |
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-Stress wounds
-pruning in fall
-nematode feeding |
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| Carbohydrate partitioning theory |
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| -depleted carbohydrate levels in trees from nematode feeding render trees more susceptible to abiotic stresses such as cold temps. |
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-Peach scab
-Bacterial spot
-Brown rot flower blight
-Leafbug, stinkbug
-white peach scale
-san jose scale
-peach tree borer |
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-Flordaprince
-tropicbeauty
-UFSun
-UF2000
-Sunraycer
-Flordaking
-Flordadawn
-UFGold
-Gulfprince
-Flordacrest |
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-Gulfbeauty
-Gulfruby
-Gulfblaze
-Gulfrose |
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| Where did walnuts originate? |
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| Top 3 producers of walnuts |
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| Top states to produce walnuts |
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| World producers of Pistchios? |
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| Pistachio production in US? |
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| Planning and designs of pistachio |
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-Offset square
-Rectangle square
-Hexagonal |
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| Pistachio cultivar used in Cali b/c it has a high yield |
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| Physiological problems in Pistachio |
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-Blank nuts
-Non Split Nuts |
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| Pistachio-Blank nuts caused by…? |
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-related to boron deficiency
-embryo fails to grow leaving shell empty or blank |
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| Pistachio- Non Split Nut caused by…? |
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| -related to crop load and irrigation |
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| Rapid dessication and death of one or more scaffolds or entire tree. |
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| Advantages of dwarfing rootstocks |
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-Early return on investment
-higher precocity w/ dwarfed rootstocks
-More efficient use of orchard
-lower per tree yield, higher per acre yield
-less labor required
-efficient use of pesticide |
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| Benificial effects of rootstocks |
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-Insect/disease tolerance
-Drought tolerance
-Size control
-Fruiting at earlier age/ higher precocity
-Incr. fruit yield, quality,
-Incr. cold hardiness |
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-T-bud
-Inverted T-bud
-Chip bud
-Whip Grafting
-Bark Graft
-Cleft Graft |
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-Auxin
-GA’s
-Cytokinins
-ethylene |
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-Fruit thinning
-Preharvest drop control
-Incr. fruit set
-Root sprout control |
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-Incr. fruit size
-Affect fruit size
-Incr. fruit set
-Delay fruit maturity
-Induse seedlessness
-Reduce fruit cracking |
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-Benzyladenine (BA)
-Promalin |
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-Incr. lateral branching
-Affect fruit shape
-Incr. fruit set
-Incr. seed germination |
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-Affects(+/-)flowering
-early ripening
-uniform ripening
-fruit coloration
-bloom delay
-defoliation |
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Regulated by physiological factors inside the structure
-Chilling exposure |
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Regulated by physiological factors outside the affected structure
-Apical dominance
-photoperiodic response |
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| Regulated by environmental factors |
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| stages of a double sygmoidal curve |
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-stage 1
-Cell division
-stage 2
-Pit hardening
-stage 3
-Cell enlargement |
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| what does a double sygmoidal curve represent? |
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-Stone Fruit
-Peaches, nectarine, plum |
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| crop produced with fertilization so they end up seedless |
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| The intentional removal of plant tissue to achieve specific Hort. goal |
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| Manipulation of plant to achieve desired effects. |
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| What type of training systems do we use? |
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-Central leader
-Open center
-Perpendicular V |
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| Benefits of adjusting fruit load |
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-Incr. fruit size, quality, & earliness
-reduced limb breakage
-reduced alternate bearing
-reduced plant stress & disease devel. |
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-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorous
-Potassium
-Calcium
-Magnesium
-Sulfur |
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-Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Cl,
-Iron
-Manganese
-Copper
-Zinc
-Boron
-Chlorine |
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| What is the difference b/w mobile and immobile nutrients? |
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-mobile
-Old leaves show symptoms first
-immobile
-new(young) leaves show symptoms first |
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| Nitrogen deficiency symptoms |
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-Macro
-mobile
-yellowing of leaves
-Low vigor, small leaves
-reduced fruit yield
-small fruit |
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| Phosphorous deficiency symptoms |
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-Macro
-mobile
-dark green-reddish purple leaves
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| Potassium deficiency symptoms |
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-Macro
-mobile
-yellowing of older leaves
-leaves looked scorched |
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| Magnesium deficiency symptoms |
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-macro
-mobile
-interveinal chlorosis
-yellowing of older leaves between veins
-veins stay green |
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| Calcium deficiency symptoms |
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-Macro
-immobile
-reduced growth or death of growing tips
-deformed young leaves
-related to plant water status |
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| Sulfur deficiency symptoms |
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-macro
-immobile
-yellowing of leaves
-Low vigor, small leaves
-reduced fruit yield
-small fruit |
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| Boron deficiency symptoms |
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-micro
-immobile
-poor fruit set
-cracking and misshapen fruit |
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-micro
-immobile
-interveinal chlorosis
-reduced leaf size |
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-micro
-immobile
-interveinal chlorosis
-little leaf
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| Manganese deficiency symptoms |
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-micro
-immobile
-Inter. Chlorosis |
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-adv.
-very efficient/precise
-freq. applications possible
-disadv.
-system must be calibrated |
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| the application of fertilizers, soil amendments, or other water-soluble products through an irrigation system. |
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| Overhead sprinkler adv./disadv. |
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-adv.
-Good root coverage
-Uniform
-Used for freeze protection
-disadv.
-Not efficient
-Wets foliage
-expensive |
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| Micro-irrigation adv./disadv. |
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-adv.
-efficient use of water
-inexpensive
-adapted to fertigation
-disadv.
-limited root zone coverage
-clogging/maintenance issues |
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| The goal of irrigation scheduling |
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-To know when to irrigate,
-how much water to apply to
-satisfy plant water req.
-conserve water
-& doesn’t leach mobile nutrients |
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-measure inputs & outputs
-need to know soil water holding capacity
-need to know root zone |
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-requires experience
-can use soil probe |
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| Factors that affect Irrigation req. |
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-Crop species
-Canopy size & shape
-Leaf size & orientation
-light absorption, reflection, evapo. rates
-Plant density
-Rooting depth |
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| relates the Theoretical Evapotranspiration(ETo) to the weather(humidity, etc.) in order to retrieve the Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) |
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-Wind displacement
-Irrigation
-Ice formation yields heat of fusion |
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| Passive Freeze protection |
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-Site selection
-elevation
-lake effects
-soil type
-Orchard floor management |
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| deciding whether or not to use overhead irrigation |
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-Know the stage of crop development & how cold affects that stage
-rely on on-site weather data not the weather station
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-Malus domestica Borkh
-Pome fruit
-edible tissue is hypanthium
-originated in eastern Turkey/ SW Russia |
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| Top 3 world producers of Apples |
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| Top 3 US producers of Apples |
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1 Washington
2 New York
3 Michigan |
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| factors affecting fruit size |
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Cultural-
-Thinning, Pruning, Training, Soil Management
Genetic-
-Rootstock, Cultivar
Environmental-
-Light, Temp., Moisture |
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| Major factors affecting fruit size |
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-Light
-Thinning
-Pruning
-Rootstock
-Cultivar |
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| Training system for apples |
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| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch |
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| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch |
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| Prunus persica var. nectarina |
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| Prunus persica var. nectarina |
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| Prunus salicina, P. domestica |
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| Prunus salicina, P. domestica |
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| Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtiloides |
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| Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myrtiloides |
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| Blueberry Southern Highbush |
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| Vaccinium corymbosum x, V. darrowix, V. virgatum |
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| Vaccinium corymbosum x, V. darrowix, V. virgatum |
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| Blueberry Southern Highbush |
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| Fragaria x ananassa Duch. |
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| Fragaria x ananassa Duch. |
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| Rubus idaeus, R. occidentallis |
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| Rubus idaeus, R. occidentallis |
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| Pyrus pyrifolia, P. serotina |
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| Pyrus pyrifolia, P. serotina |
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| Diospyros kaki, D. virginiana |
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| Diospyros kaki, D. virginiana |
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| the 4 types of Blueberries |
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Highbush
Rabbiteye
Lowbush
Southern Highbush |
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| top 3 world producers of Peach |
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| top 3 US producers of peach |
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1 California
2 South Carol.
3 Georgia |
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| top 3 world producers of pear |
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| top 3 US producers of pear |
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1 Washington
2 California
3 Oregon |
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