|
|
1. Everything must cycle
2. Population must be limited and vary inversely with resource use per capita
3. Equity must be maintained |
|
|
|
1. Natural Science
2. Values
3. Policy
4. Economics |
|
|
|
| Correctness of measurement, the right answer |
|
|
|
| Repeatability of results, narrowing down the uncertainty |
|
|
|
| Logical reasoning from general to specific |
|
|
|
a methodical, logical process for producing knowledge about natural phenomena.
• a cumulative body of knowledge produced by scientists.
• based on careful observation and hypothesis testing |
|
|
|
| Reasoning from many observations to produce a general rule |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| a description or explanation that has been supported by a large number of tests and is considered by experts to be a reliable |
|
|
|
1. Identify
2. Form testable hypothesis
3. Collect data to test hypothesis
4. Interpret results
5. Submit for peer review
6. Publish |
|
|
|
| Measure of how likely something is to occur |
|
|
|
| involves observation of events that have already happened |
|
|
|
| conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant |
|
|
|
| Dependent is on the Y, independent is on the X |
|
|
|
| Describes what one ought to do. Tells us how the world is |
|
|
|
| Tells us how the world should be |
|
|
|
| Emphasis on consequences. John Stuart Mill |
|
|
|
| Emphasis on duty/obligation. Immanuel Kant |
|
|
|
| Emphasis on character, how one should live. Aristotle |
|
|
|
| What is valuable to humans |
|
|
|
| Views oriented around life. Have reverence for life, entities with interests. Singer, Regan |
|
|
|
| Land ethic, Deep ecology. Allows for species and ecosystems |
|
|
|
| Impact on the environment is a combination of: Population, Affluence, Technology |
|
|
|
| encompasses vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, distribution, and population size. |
|
| Population growth in the last few centuries |
|
1. Increase in commerce and communication
2. Agricultural revolution
3. Use of fossil fuel energy
4. Improvements in health care, hygiene |
|
|
|
Depends on
1. How many children are born (natural growth rate)
2. The age when women give birth
3. Death rate (natural growth rate)
4. Immigration (total growth rate)
5. Emigration (total growth rate) |
|
|
|
| Average age an infant can expect to reach in any given society |
|
|
|
| Number of deaths per thousand people in any given year |
|
|
|
| Number of births per year per thousand |
|
|
|
| Total children born to an average women during her lifetime |
|
| Population growth equation |
|
Population (t) = population (t-1)*e(k*t) : population at some later
time (t) = population at an earlier time (t-1) * 2.718(growth rate*time)
You can guess at a doubling time by 70/R where R is the rate |
|
|
|
| Poor living conditions keep death rates high, thus birth rates are correspondingly high |
|
|
|
| Human populations increase exponentially and eventually outstrip food supply and collapse |
|
|
|
| Population growth is an outcome of poverty and other social inequalities. Exploitation and Oppression the real problems |
|
|
|
| Malthus was wrong, failed to account for scientific progress. Technology will solve all our problems |
|
|
|
| People are the ultimate resource. Growth rate will lead to technological solutions to our resource problems |
|
|
|
| We need to implement legislation to limit population growth |
|
|
|
| a network of relationships among a group of parts, elements, or components that interact with and influence one another through the exchange or energy, matter, and/or information |
|
|
|
| excess nutrients in the water which increase, which increase the production of organic matter, which depletes the oxygen |
|
|
|
| substances that cannot be broken down into simpler form by ordinary chemical reactions |
|
|
|
revolve around the nucleus and bind one element to another
Determine the amount of protons
Extra electrons create electricity |
|
|
|
| Atoms electrically charged, due to gain or loss of electrons |
|
|
|
| are alternate versions of elements which differ in mass by having a different number of neutrons. Stable or radioactive |
|
|
|
| sharing of electrons- the more stable. Accumulate in fats |
|
|
|
| cations and anions- selfish relationship, less stable * Salt is ionic and water is ionic. Like dissolves like |
|
|
|
| Rock, sediment, soil below the earth’s surface |
|
|
|
| elements and compounds required in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous |
|
|
|
| Nutrients needed in small amounts |
|
|
|
| the movement (or cycling) of matter and energy through a system |
|
|
|
| the average amount of time something spends in a reservoir |
|
|
|
| the average amount of time something spends in a reservoir. Long residence time |
|
|
|
| So only about half of our anthropogenic CO2 stays in the atmosphere. It goes into plants, the ocean, and rocks |
|
|
|
| Comes from rocks. Weathering releases. Water soluble. One of the 2 most important nutrients for plants to have. Phosphorous has no stable gas phase, so addition of P to land is slow (low P in rain), and P is not well distributed. It can be transferred from the ocean to plants very effectively |
|
|
|
| Bacteria takes N2 out of the atmosphere and converts it into nitrates. Almost all is in the atmosphere.Today we are fixing as much nitrogen artificially as all bacteria do naturally. N20 a key greenhouse gas |
|
|
|
| The process where water goes from liquid to vapor through plants |
|
|
|
| Without more evaporation or transpiration, it cannot rain or snow- desertification (It’s a desert because there’s no plants there- plants keep the air with moisture). Warmer areas rain more. Rivers flow because there is more precipitation than evaporation |
|
|
|
| The slow cycle of plate tectonics is what removes carbon from the atmosphere. Helps us find resources and tells us what we’re not likely to find |
|
|
|
| All organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. Bacteria
2.Archae-bacteria
3.Protista
4. Plantae
5. Fungi
6. Anamalia |
|
| 4 conditions for evolution |
|
1. Traits must vary within a population
2. Traits must affect reproductive success
3. Traits must be inheritable
4. External environmental pressure must favor |
|
| Law of competitive exclusion |
|
| no two species will occupy the same niche and compete for exactly the same resources for an extended period of time. |
|
|
|
| Due to geographic separation |
|
|
|
| Species doesn’t require separation. Occupy different niches |
|
|
|
1. Mechanical (structural difference)
2. Temporal (different timing for breeding)
3. Behavioral (differences in courtship)
4. Ecological |
|
|
|
| one trait is being favored and the other is being eliminated so the population shirts towards one trait. 1 new species |
|
|
|
| range of a trait is narrowed- no new spcies |
|
|
|
| traits diverge towards different ends- 2 new species |
|
|
|
| Intimate living together of members of two or more species |
|
|
|
| One member is benefited but neither is harmed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| One member benefits at the expense of antoehr |
|
| Defensive mechanism (against predation and parasitism) |
|
1. Massive numbers of offspring
2. Timing of activity
3. Location of habitat
4. Camouflage
5. Protecting young
6. Unpalatable body structure
7. Mimicry |
|
|
|
| Harmless species evolve characteristic to imitate poisonous or unpalatable species |
|
|
|
| 2 unpalatable species evolve to look like each other |
|
|
|
| number of species at each trophic level (where an organism is in the food chain), and the number of trophic levels, in a community |
|
